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Tularemia

Tularemia
Other namesTularaemia, Pahvant Valley plague,[1] rabbit fever,[1] deer fly fever, Ohara's fever[2]
A tularemia lesion on the back of the right hand
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, skin ulcer, large lymph nodes[3]
Causesbacterium Francisella tularensis (spread by ticks, deer flies, contact with infected animals)[4]
Diagnostic methodBlood tests, microbial culture[5]
PreventionInsect repellent, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, not disturbing dead animals[6]
MedicationStreptomycin, Gentamicin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin[5]
PrognosisGenerally good with treatment[4]
Frequency~200 cases per year (US)[7]

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.[4] Symptoms may include fever, skin ulcers, and enlarged lymph nodes.[3] Occasionally, a form that results in pneumonia or a throat infection may occur.[3]

The bacterium is typically spread by ticks, deer flies, or contact with infected animals.[4] It may also be spread by drinking contaminated water or breathing in contaminated dust.[4] It does not spread directly between people.[8] Diagnosis is by blood tests or cultures of the infected site.[5][9]

Prevention is by using insect repellent, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, and not disturbing dead animals.[6] Treatment is typically with the antibiotic streptomycin.[9] Gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin may also be used.[5]

Between the 1970s and 2015, around 200 cases were reported in the United States a year.[7] Males are affected more often than females.[7] It occurs most frequently in the young and the middle aged.[7] In the United States, most cases occur in the summer.[7] The disease is named after Tulare County, California, where the disease was discovered in 1911.[10] A number of other animals, such as rabbits, may also be infected.[4]

  1. ^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
  2. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  3. ^ a b c "Signs and Symptoms Tularemia". CDC. October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Tularemia". CDC. October 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d "Diagnosis and Treatment Tularemia". CDC. October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  6. ^ a b "Prevention Tularemia". www.cdc.gov. October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Statistics Tularemia". CDC. November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  8. ^ "Transmission Tularemia". CDC. October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Clinicians Tularemia". www.cdc.gov. September 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  10. ^ Hagan, William Arthur; Bruner, Dorsey William; Timoney, John Francis (1988). Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Cornell University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0801418969.

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